The political rights of minorities between the Islamic and secular systems
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Abstract
In the Islamic era, the state started with the city of the city after the Islamic community reached the stage of the state where the Islamic community is not complete except with the presence of a legal authority that preserves religion and applies the laws of God as stated in the book and the Sunnah (Imam 2000). Historically, Nicolas Machiavelli is considered the first to use a state in his book The Prince (Machiavelli 1982) and after that the concept of a sovereign nation-state emerged, and the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 AD is considered a historical declaration of the birth of the nation-state, although it had crystallized before that date, but the treaty created legal provisions to establish legitimacy Presence and mutual recognition of demarcation.
Key words: society, Islamic, history, legitimacy, state.
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